In 1950,the first time it was published,Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development outlined the eight stages Erik Erikson the healthy person goes through. Each stage is marked by a crisis which either alters or ruins the person’s personality. The theory is based on Freud’s psychosexual stages and incorporates societal influences. Although it has been criticised for its broad generalizations but it remains an essential component of the psychological process. It was also useful in re-thinking the notion of the middle and late years of adulthood,allowing us to see them as a period of personal growth,not just an opportunity to get by.
The initial stage,called infancy is a period that runs from birth until about 18 months. In this stage infants are totally dependent on the caregivers. They build trust by watching their caregivers’ reactions to their needs,like feeding and comforting. The treatment they receive at this phase has lasting implications for their security and self.
Toddlerhood is the 2nd stage in Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development and occurs between 18 months and 2 years. The child develops their self-confidence during this stage and the success or failure of this stage is a major factor in their development and personality. If a child is not able to overcome their shame and doubt will face the issues for the rest of their lives. On the other hand If a child can finish this stage and overcome their fears,they’ll be able to develop intimate relationships later on in their lives.
The 3rd stage of Erikson’s theories is preschool that takes place between the age of 3 and 5. In this age range children are beginning to socialize with others and establish a strong sense of self-belief. Teachers and parents should encourage positive relationships with children during this age. Positive interactions aid in foster independence in the child,while providing guidance and support to their efforts. Negative behavior,such as negative criticism or indifference can damage a child’s confidence and self-esteem.
Elementary school is the fourth stage of Erikson’s theory and takes place between 6-12 years of age. This is when a child starts to feel pressured by being accepted by others including teachers and their peers. This is also a time that a child starts to develop their sense of industry,or their ability to set objectives and goals. Children who are acknowledged for their effort and encouraged by their teachers will create a sense of accomplishment and avoid the need to be compared to others.
As they reach middle age,many people start to contemplate their mortality. People may also experience a sense of regret for things they did or didn’t do. A person who can overcome these challenges will most likely enjoy a rewarding and prosperous retirement. If they fail to resolve these issues in time,they may face the midlife crisis which can lead to serious mental health issues.